I just started one with the kiddos this week. I used this website quite a bit before I started up - http://containergardening.about.com/
Also try searching "container gardening" in Pinterest, there is a lot of information there as well.
I did green beans, cucumbers, spaghetti squash (might be a stretch but I like a challenge), potatoes and carrots (both require deeper containers - carrots are a minimum 8", potatoes minimum 18" I believe).
Good luck!